Laurus
| Laurus | |
|---|---|
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| Laurus novocanariensis | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Laurales |
| Family: | Lauraceae |
| Genus: | Laurus L. (1753)[1] |
| Species | |
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Laurus (/ˈlɔːrəs/)[2] is a genus of evergreen trees or shrubs belonging to the laurel family, Lauraceae. The genus contains three or more species,[3] including the bay laurel or sweet bay, L. nobilis, widely cultivated as an ornamental plant and a culinary herb.
Description
[edit]They are slow-growing, large, evergreen aromatic shrubs or trees with alternate, ovate leaves and insignificant yellow male and female flowers borne on separate plants (dioecious). They are frost-hardy but in temperate zones they require a sheltered spot in full sun that is not subject to prolonged freezing. Plants in pots can be moved into a cold greenhouse during the winter months.[4]
Species
[edit]The number of species in the genus has not yet been fully resolved.[3] Three species are currently accepted:[1]
- Laurus azorica, (Seub.) Franco – Azores laurel. Native to the Azores.
- Laurus nobilis L. – bay laurel, true laurel, or sweet bay. Native to the Mediterranean region. Used as an ornamental plant and culinary herb (one type of bay leaf) used in Mediterranean style dishes. It was also the original source of the laurel wreath of ancient Greece.
- Laurus novocanariensis Rivas Mart., Lousã, Fern.Prieto, E.Días, J.C.Costa & C.Aguiar – native to Madeira and the Canary Islands. Formerly included in L. azorica.
Fossil history
[edit]
Fossils dating from before the Pleistocene glaciations show that laurel forests containing species of Laurus were formerly distributed more widely around the Mediterranean and North Africa, when the climate was more humid and mild than at present.[5][6] It is currently thought that the drying of the Mediterranean basin during the glaciations caused Laurus to retreat to the mildest climate refuges, including southern Spain, Portugal and the Macaronesian islands. With the end of the last glacial period, L. nobilis recovered some of its former range around the Mediterranean.[7][8]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328263-2 Laurus L.] Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
- ^ "Laurus". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
- ^ a b "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
- ^ Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008). The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 612. ISBN 9781405332965.
- ^ Mai, Dieter H. (March 1989). "Development and regional differentiation of the European vegetation during the Tertiary". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 162: 79–91. doi:10.1007/BF00936911. S2CID 25109937.
- ^ Fernández-Palacios, José María; de Nascimento, Lea; Otto, Rüdiger; Delgado, Juan D.; García-del-Rey, Eduardo; Arévalo, José Ramón; Whittaker, Robert J. (February 2011). "A reconstruction of Palaeo-Macaronesia, with particular reference to the long-term biogeography of the Atlantic island laurel forests". Journal of Biogeography. 38 (2): 226-246. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02427.x. ISSN 1365-2699. S2CID 86477003.
- ^ Rodríguez-Sánchez, Francisco; Arroyo, Juan (November 2008). "Reconstructing the demise of Tethyan plants: climate-driven range dynamics of Laurus since the Pliocene". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 17 (6): 685–695. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00410.x. S2CID 86508226.
- ^ Rodríguez-Sánchez, Francisco; Guzmán, Beatriz; Valido, Alfredo; Vargas, Pablo; Arroyo, Juan (July 2009). "Late Neogene history of the laurel tree (Laurus L., Lauraceae) based on phylogeographical analyses of Mediterranean and Macaronesian populations". Journal of Biogeography. 36 (7): 1270–1281. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02091.x. ISSN 1365-2699. S2CID 45076431.
Further reading
[edit]- Arroyo-García, R., Martínez-Zapater, J.M., Fernández Prieto, J.A., & Álvarez-Arbesú R. (2001). AFLP evaluation of genetic similarity among laurel populations. Euphytica 122 (1): 155-164.
- Barbero, M., Benabid, A., Peyre, C. & Quezel, P. (1981). Sur la presence au Maroc de Laurus azorica (Seub.) Franco. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 37 (2): 467-472. Available online (pdf file; in French).
- Costa, J. C., Capelo, J., Jardim, R., Sequeira, M., (2004). Catálogo Florístico do Arquipélago da Madeira. Quercetea 6, 187-200.
- Mabberley, D.J (1997). The Plant Book: a Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants. Second edition, pp. 393–394.